Exploring Gender Disparities in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: Unveiling Reasons behind Female Dominance in the Medical Field in Australia

ABSTRACT
The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)fields has persisted despite recognition of its importance in the Australia’s National Science Statement. low self-confidence to be successful in the science fields and a lack of female role models contribute to this challenge. The Victorian Cytology Services Foundation (VCS Foundation), a leader in research in advancing cytology to improve health services and products across the globe, is a female dominated workplace comprising of female scientists and laboratory technicians. This research explores why female scientists gravitate toward female-dominated fields, their experiences, challenges, and opportunities. The study employs the Scientific and Technical Human Capital (STHC) model, encompassing human capital (education, training, health), social capital (networks, collaborations), and cultural experiences (gender, race, nationality, social status, discipline). Participants were selected for semi-structured interviews to ensure inclusion of scientists and laboratory technicians across all genders and cultural dimensions. Findings reveal that female scientists often join female-majority workplaces to avoid stereotypes and discriminatory practices prevalent in the male-dominated STEM fields. Male scientists show greater interest in joining professional networks, potentially providing them with an advantage. The cultural dimension influences networking, collaboration, and career choices, particularly in a diverse workforce. Technology advancements raise concerns about job security and future career prospects. Female scientists seek female-dominated workplaces to avoid biases and discriminatory practices. The propensity of women to avoid professional networks may hinder their professional advancement. The cultural dimension plays a crucial role in scientists’ interactions and career decisions. Future strategies must address cultural factors to boost female participation in STEM fields.